Italy as a geographical area was mentioned as far back as during the age of the highly civilized Etruscan people, as is borne out by the manuscripts kept in some museums, especially in Tuscany and Latium.
These in fact were the regions where most Etruscan settlements are found, although they also populated Umbria, Campania and some zones of what is now Emilia Romagna and Lombardy.
Then come the Romans who, starting from the 3rd century BC, unified the whole peninsula under their dominion (and indeed most of Europe in general).

The word Italia appears on a coin dating back to the 1st century BC which was minted by the confederation of the Italic peoples who rose up against Rome.
The long Roman domination (from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD) has left an indelible mark in Italy with its roads, aqueducts, temples, monuments, towns and cities, bridges, theatres and so on - all relics and memories of a past that is remote and yet also very present, a past that can be seen in every part of the country.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy was invaded and dominated for centuries by foreign populations, especially in the south and Sicily.

Thanks to the success of independent city states in the Centre and North such as Venice, Florence, Siena, Genoa, and Milan, Italy nevertheless became a flourishing and civilized country of trade and the arts.
Later however, the small independent states could not hold out against the invasions of the great states of Spain and Austria.
Only the small kingdom of Piedmont remained independent and after the interlude of Napoleon's occupation it became the driving force behind il Risorgimento, the great movement that led to the unification of Italy in 1870 under the Royal House of Savoia.
After the Second World War, in 1946 a popular referendum abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Italy a Republic. The rest is the history of recent times.

There are so many artistic treasures and of such quality that to describe Italy as an open-air art gallery in its own right is hardly an exaggeration.
No other country in the world can vaunt the same treasures of culture and art as Italy. Indeed, half of the world's historic and artistic assets are within its boundaries (UNESCO).

Found almost everywhere and referring to every historical era, they are preserved and protected in hundreds of archaeological sites and over 3,000 museums scattered throughout the country.
Tourists, visitors and academics alike may admire and study these remnants - large and small - of centuries gone by.
Theatres and other buildings date back to Greek and Roman times; whole cities, roads and districts once buried have today been returned to the light by patient and skillful excavations; temples, statues, coins, inscriptions, and objects of daily use.
In Italy an exceptionally rich store of memories awaits to remind us all of Europe's past.
The imposing and often elegantly embellished Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals - built after the eleventh century - are found mainly in the Centre and North.
The ancient religious architecture in the southern regions amounts instead to an enthralling crucible of Byzantine, Muslim and Norman elements.

Renaissance art was the great cultural movement which began in Italy in the 15th century and which profoundly influenced the history of culture and European civilization as a whole.
The Renaissance culture placed man and the secular world again at the centre of the Universe after the marginal position Man was afforded with respect to the gods during the difficult centuries of the medieval period.

Those who exemplified it and have become icons of culture itself are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Masaccio, Botticelli, Piero della Francesca, Mantegna, Donatello, Raffaello, Antonello da Messina, Bramante, Correggio, Tintoretto, Giorgione - all artists, sculptors, painters or architects who have become known as the world's greatest exponents of artistic genius.

Their works are the source of a constant attraction for tourists and academics alike, people who are curious to unveil something of the secrets of that art which, even if produced today, would result as an expression of the breathtaking creativity.
For the arts and architecture, the Renaissance is synonymous with masterpieces, inventive genius and creativity.

Philosophers like Giordano Bruno and Tommaso Campanella, scientists like Copernico and Galilei, scholars like Machiavelli, poets like Ariosto, musicians like Palestrina and Monteverdi: great men of the Renaissance who, with their modern vision of the world and society, succeeded in radically changing forever the way of thinking, living and creating.

The great Renaissance season left its magnificent marks everywhere in Italy (paintings, statues, churches, buildings, palaces and fountains), not only in the great cities like Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan and Naples, but also in many other centers of Italy's regions.

 Nature